Drypoint in Art History
A Historical Overview of Armin Landeck’s Printmaking Method of Choice
Drypoint etching is a fascinating and intricate art form that has captivated artists and collectors for centuries. Known for its unique textural qualities and expressive lines, this printmaking technique holds a special place in the history of art. From its humble beginnings to its golden ages in Europe and America, drypoint etching continues to inspire creativity and appreciation for the delicate balance between technical skill and artistic expression.
What is Drypoint Etching?
Reclining Female Nude (1658)
Rembrandt van Rijn
Methods & Materials
Creating a drypoint etching is a meticulous and labor-intensive process:
Preparing the Plate
The artist begins with a polished metal plate, ensuring it is smooth and clean to receive the drawing.
Drawing the Design
Using a drypoint needle, the artist scratches the design directly into the plate. Each stroke displaces metal, forming the burr that will hold ink. The pressure and angle of the needle determine the depth and quality of the line.
Inking the Plate
Ink is applied to the plate and worked into the incised lines. The surface is then carefully wiped clean, leaving ink only in the grooves and burrs.
Printing
The plate is placed on a printing press, along with dampened paper and a felt blanket. The press applies immense pressure, transferring the inked image onto the paper. Because the burr wears down with each impression, drypoint editions are often small, preserving the delicate textures that make this technique so distinctive.
Historical Beginnings
of Drypoint Etching
Drypoint etching emerged in the late 15th century as an offshoot of traditional engraving. Its earliest practitioners were German and Dutch printmakers, who experimented with different tools and methods to achieve softer, more expressive lines.
The earliest known drypoint print, created in the 1480s, is attributed to the German artist Master of the Housebook, whose delicate and intricate works set a precedent for the medium. Soon after, other artists began to explore the potential of drypoint, using it to capture subtle details and atmospheric effects that were difficult to achieve with engraving alone.
“The Road to Calvary” (1475/80)
Master of the Housebook
The Old Masters
Drypoint in the Hands of the Greats
During the 17th century, drypoint reached new heights under the mastery of artists like Rembrandt van Rijn. Known for his innovative approach to printmaking, Rembrandt used drypoint to create some of the most celebrated works in art history. In masterpieces such as Christ Preaching and The Three Crosses, Rembrandt combined drypoint with other intaglio techniques, layering etched and engraved lines with the soft, rich textures of drypoint. His skillful use of burr and his ability to evoke light and shadow set a benchmark for future printmakers.
Other Old Masters, such as Albrecht Dürer and Francisco Goya, also employed drypoint in their work, recognizing its unique ability to convey emotion and detail. Goya’s Los Caprichos series, for example, showcases drypoint’s capacity to enhance the drama and intensity of his social and political commentary.
Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528)
Francisco Goya (1746–1828)
Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669)
An American Golden Age
of Etching at the Turn of the Century
The early 20th century saw a resurgence of interest in printmaking, particularly in the United States. This period, often referred to as the American Golden Age of Etching, was marked by a renewed appreciation for traditional techniques and a wave of innovation. Artists such as Armin Landeck, Martin Lewis, Edward Hopper and John Taylor Arms emerged as leading figures in this movement, using drypoint and other intaglio methods to capture the changing landscapes of urban and rural America.
John Taylor Arms (1887-1953)
Edward Hopper (1882-1967)
Martin Lewis (1881–1962)
Why Drypoint Matters
in Art History
Drypoint etching holds a unique place in art history due to its technical challenges and aesthetic qualities. Its importance lies in several key aspects:
The Adoration of the Shepherds (circa 1657)
Rembrandt van Rijn
Expressive Line Work
The soft, rich lines of drypoint create a sense of immediacy and intimacy, making it a favorite among artists seeking to convey emotion and atmosphere.
Limited Editions
The delicate nature of the burr means that drypoint prints are often produced in small editions, making each impression a rare and valuable artifact.
Legacy of Innovation
From the Old Masters to modern printmakers, drypoint has been a medium for experimentation and creativity, bridging the gap between tradition and innovation.
Preservation of Technique
Drypoint represents a commitment to craftsmanship, requiring skill, patience, and an understanding of materials.